It is no longer so strange to us, but how diamonds are structured, how hard, what color or preciousness compared to other gemstones is still unknown. And here, let’s Vang Thanh Y learn about diamonds in the most detail through the following article.

Physical properties

Crystal structure

Crystals with a cube structure should be highly symmetrical and contain quadsion carbon atoms. Since there is a carbon atom associated with the last four carbon atoms, diamonds have many properties of their own. Graphite, another form of carbon shape, has a periphery-shaped crystal structure that gives them different physical properties than diamonds. Graphite is a soft, gray, cloudy substance. Another element in the carbon group is silicon with a diamond-like crystal structure. The specific mass of the diamond is 3.52 g/cm³.

Diamond Crystal Structure Bridge

Lonsdaleite is also a form of diamond shape but is found elsewhere with a hexagonal structure. They are difficult to find in nature, but that’s the nature of artificial diamonds. Another peculiar form of diamond crystal is carbondo, a colorless diamond, or gray or black with a very small crystal structure called spherulite.

Diamonds are the hardest matter found in nature, with a hardness of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale for minerals. Diamonds also withstand pressure between 167 and 231 gigaPascal during various tests. This has been known for a long time, and that is the origin of the name ‘diamond’. However, caged carbon, a form of diamond shape prepared in 2005, is believed to be harder than diamond.

Hardness

Diamonds are the hardest matter found in nature, with a hardness of 10 on the Mohs hardness scale for minerals. Diamonds also withstand pressure between 167 and 231 gigaPascal during various tests. This has been known for a long time, and that is the origin of the name ‘diamond’. However, caged carbon, a form of diamond shape prepared in 2005, is believed to be harder than diamond.

The most hardened diamonds are found in new England in New South Wales. These diamonds are usually small, used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is determined by the conditions that form them. Diamonds are the hardest when they are formed in just one stage. Other diamonds formed in stages, forming layers and marks that cause diamond stiffness to decrease (Taylor, 1990).

The industry uses diamonds for a long time because of their tough nature. It is the most valuable of the more than 3,000 known mineral samples. As the toughest matter in nature, diamonds are used to polish, cut off every surface, even another diamond. Conventional industries use diamonds as a drill, saw blade or grinding powder. A very promising application is semiconductor making: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, as opposed to other colored diamonds that are good insulators. The artificial diamonds used in the industry are not suitable for jewelry making but have the advantage of reducing the price of products. Since ancient times, diamonds have been known as drills and as inscriptions.

The hardness of the diamond also makes it more suitable for the role of a piece of jewelry. Because it can only be scratched by another diamond, it is always shiny over time. Unlike other gemstones that can only be worn on special occasions, diamonds are suitable for everyday wear because they are difficult to scratch. Therefore, on engagement rings or wedding rings, people often attach diamonds, and the world’s leading jewelry corporations always shout the slogan ‘diamonds is forever’ to advertise diamond jewelry.

Brittleness

Unlike hardness, only resistant to scratches, the brittleness of diamonds is only from medium to good. Brittleness refers to the difficulty of breaking the material. The brittleness of diamonds is partly due to the crystal structure of the diamond not very resistant. Diamonds are therefore more susceptible to breakage than some other materials, and the legend of the ancient king’s inspection of diamonds with anvils and hammers is just a legend.

Color

Diamonds are in a variety of colors: colorless, blue, green, orange, red, purple, pink, yellow, brown and even black. Diamonds with light-colored streaks are called colored diamonds. If the diamonds are very dark in color, they will be called ‘brightly colored’. Colored diamonds are diamonds that contain small amounts of impurities, because in its structure, any carbon atom in the crystal network is replaced by an atom of another element. Normally, it’s nitrogen that makes diamonds yellow. Pure diamond atoms have no color. Extremely white diamonds will be rated as type D, while the lowest is Z, only the diamond has a yellowish color that turns brown.

Diamonds have many different colors.

Temperature Durability

At atmospheric pressure (1 atm) unstable diamonds have graphite-like properties that can decompose. (ΔG = −2.99 kJ/mol). Diamonds will burn at about 800 °C, if there is enough oxygen. This is described in the late 18th century but is also found in ancient Roman books. But, due to having a large dynamic barrier, diamonds are almost non-decomposing. Under the influence of normal temperature and pressure, a diamond can only be turned into graphite after a period of time equal to the time it took for the universe to form so far (15 billion years).

Electromagnetic aspect

Optical properties

Diamonds have good dispersion ability, due to their rapidly changing refraction with wavelengths of light. This helps diamonds turn white rays into colors, creating the diamond’s own appeal as a piece of jewelry.

Diamonds emit good light.

The high refractive yield of diamonds, at about 2,417, is greater than the 1.5 of conventional glass, which also makes it easy to show a full reflection on the inside of the diamond to create a sparkle. The diamond’s sparkle, which characterizes how light acts on a diamond, is often described as ‘adamantine’.

Some diamonds have light emission (mostly blue) under ultraviolet light, some are burgundy. Most diamonds emit blue-white, yellow or green light under the influence of X-rays and are used in mining to separate diamonds that are capable of glowing and other ordinary stones that do not have this ability. Under normal conditions, most diamonds do not emit light, except for blue light, although colored diamonds can glow in more colors.

Electrical properties

With the exception of blue diamonds, which are a semiconductor, all remaining diamonds are good insulator. This is because the blue diamond molecule contains the compound atom, which is a substance for electronics and produces a p-type semiconductor. However, blue diamonds that do not contain bo impurities, such as those mined at the Argyle diamond mine in Australia, have such a color because they contain a lot of hydrogen, so they are an insulating agent.

Thermal properties

Unlike other good insulators, diamonds are a good heat transmitter because atoms are closely linked together. Most blue diamonds that contain bo as an alternative to carbon in the atomic network are also capable of high heat transfer. A pure artificial diamond has a heat transfer coefficient of about 2,000-2,500 W/(m.K),4 to 5 times higher than copper and the highest of all known substances in room temperature. Therefore, it is used in semiconductor devices to keep silicon and other semiconductor materials from overheating. The energy level of the holes in the diamond is about 5.4-6.4 eV.

According to Wikipedia